Medical Device Waste: Who is Responsible?
Updated: 24 September 2025 | Author: Gordon Stenning
What can I responsibly do with it?
Preamble: Australia is part of the worldwide healthcare community, with medical devices providing a platform for healthcare delivery. The medical device community faces challenges not only in the environmentally responsible production of medical devices, but also in the lifecycle of those devices, including the disposal of medical device waste. Organisations such as the Healthcare Plastics Recycling Council in the USA, the EU, governments and private healthcare consumers have recognised that medical waste is a significant challenge, which is the first step towards a solution. The majority of effort is currently being expended in resource recovery, recycling or downcycling of materials currently used.
The scope of the problem is broad, due to the multiple materials used in device manufacture, as well as the fact that medical device waste is a complex subset of a larger industrial waste problem.
Progress to date has been focused on Post Consumer Recycled (PCR) and Post Industrial Recycled (PIR) packaging.
However, Australian Universities are carrying out research into new materials which may be used to substitute for conventional plastics, including
- Flinders University Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development
- UTS SEAweed Tech Bio-plastic manufacture | University of Technology Sydney
- Murdoch University https://www.murdoch.edu.au/news/articles/csiro-and-murdoch-university-launch-the-bioplastics-innovation-hub-to-end-plastic-waste
- RMIT University Solving Plastic Waste CRC
Encouraging work has emerged from medical device companies, such as those in the field of dialysis. They have been stimulated, encouraged and supported by clinicians and hospital staff:
Baxter has chosen the product stewardship route for the recycling of its PVC products, which means that they take responsibility for the end of life of the product by collecting and recycling the PVC into other products such as playground equipment and garden hoses.
Fresenius Medical Care Australia has undertaken several pilot projects for the recycling of the waste produced by their locally manufactured plastic products which are PVC-free.
These examples are significant, considering that one dialysis patient may consume 5 to 7 bags per day, every day.
The incorporation of waste disposal into product design represents a significant opportunity for product development and, at a minimum, is likely to assist in material separation at the disposal end, as well as offering a commercial advantage to pioneers in the field.
The purpose of this document is to highlight what practices of medical waste disposal are currently in use in Australia, to assist members of the MTAA and their customers in the responsible disposal of medical device product waste.
There are four main types of medical waste. They are:
- General Medical Waste;
- Hazardous Medical Waste;
- Infectious/Clinical Medical Waste; and
- Radioactive Medical Waste
1. General Medical Waste
General Medical Waste includes, but is not limited to:
- Electronics (E-waste)
- Plastic
- Sterile packaging
- Blue polypropylene wrap (Kimgard/Halyard wrap)
- PVC
- Unused plastic components of procedure packs
- Used and contaminated single-use items of varying materials
- Obsolete or broken metal devices, including surgical instruments, metal trolleys, metallic transport equipment, e.g., wheelchairs, beds
- Food waste
- Paper
Electronics/E-Waste
Electronic waste includes everything from TVs, computers and mobile phones to batteries, printer cartridges and kitchen appliances. E-waste can be recycled to extract non-renewable resources such as plastic and precious metals, including gold, silver, platinum, nickel, zinc, aluminium and copper. Due to the National Television and Computer Recycling Scheme, there are many e-waste recycling options available
Four organisations recycle computers and computer accessories under the scheme:
- Ecycle Solutions
- TechCollect
- Sustainable Product Stewards Pty Ltd
- The Activ Group Solutions Pty Ltd (Ecoactiv)
Other E-Waste recycling options include:
Plastic
Research has found that only 15% of medical waste is hazardous, even though up to 90% of the waste is incinerated, and the majority of the rubbish and waste materials that could be recycled in hospitals are plastic materials.
Sterile Packaging
Uncontaminated sterile packaging can be disposed of as non-hazardous waste; however, the majority currently goes to landfill.
Sterile packaging can be made into Process Engineered Fuel, which is used to substitute for fossil fuels in cement manufacture. However, this is a “least worst” option, as while it does reduce the demand for fossil fuels, its use as a fuel still contributes to global warming
Process Engineered Fuel: ResourceCo
Blue Polypropylene Wrap
Blue polypropylene wrap (Kimgard/Halyard) sterilisation wrap
One of the current barriers to economically viable plastics recycling is the uniformity of the waste, and the cost of recycling to new plastic feedstock vs the lower cost of newly manufactured plastic feedstock.
Blue wrap can be recycled/downcycled to plastic pellets, but the process of removing the sterilisation activation tape, which is required to indicate that a sterilisation cycle has been completed, reduces the cost-effectiveness of recycling. Some healthcare facilities remove the tape and compress the uniform waste into bales to make it more cost-effective for recycling.
A promising technology from the UK, Sterimelt, is the subject of a trial by the University of Technology in Sydney and some NSW public hospitals, and is supported by Multigate
Sterimelt: https://180wastegroup.com/
Recyclers:
- Cleanaway Daniels
- Veolia
- Valera Recycling
- Hoxton Industries
Unused plastic components (kidney dishes, hollowware, etc) of procedure packs. Unused and uncontaminated products can be donated for use in veterinary clinics. Selective donation for foreign aid is possible for technologically appropriate products, though the waste disposal problem is transferred as well
Alternatively, like products can be stacked for increased density to make transportation and recycling more efficient, and sent for recycling.
- Foreign Aid: Save our Supplies
- Recyclers: Cleanaway Daniels, Veolia, Hoxton Industries
PVC
States that Australia generates 15 tonnes of PVC medical waste per annum. PVC waste comes in the form of IV bags, oxygen tubing and face masks and represents 5-10% of the total waste produced annually in the healthcare sector. Vinyl Council of Australia estimates this total at 26,000 tonnes of PVC per annum. Only 25,000 tonnes are recycled locally, and the rest is incinerated or exported overseas for further reprocessing.
Baxter has been a pioneer in the product stewardship of PVC, facilitating the collection and recycling of its PVC bags for fluids.
- Recycling: Vinyl Council / PCV Recycling in Hospital
- Baxter Healthcare
Metal devices, including surgical instruments, stainless steel trolleys, etc. These can be accumulated and sent to metal recyclers because recycled metal has sufficient value to warrant doing so.
Recyclers:
- Sims Metals: https://www.simsmm.com.au
- ADL Metals
- Sydney Metal Recyclers
- Veolia
- Cleanaway Daniels
Expanded Polystyrene
Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) is a plastic material that consists of small hollow spherical balls and is typically used in packaging. EPS is a growing concern for many businesses as the volume of EPS waste increases each year. Reducing EPS to landfill is now a priority concern for local councils and governments, as the Australian Packaging Covenant mandates the removal of packaging waste from landfill by 2025. EPS is up to 98% air, and as little as 2% plastic. As a result, it is quite difficult to transport and recycle efficiently and economically. However, EPS is uniquely recyclable and can be fully reprocessed, which diverts waste from landfill and helps reduce demand on petroleum from which polystyrene is derived. Expanded Polystyrene Australia (EPSA) has established a National Collection Network with recycling centres located in Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth and Canberra. Produce boxes are accepted free of charge.
Although lightweight, bulky EPS waste takes up significant space in a bin or skip, meaning that true disposal costs are often hidden in a company’s general waste removal costs.
- Recycling: https://ecyclesolutions.net.au/eps-recycling/
- Planet Ark's Polystyrene Recycling Initiative: Polystyrene Foam - Business Recycling
2. Hazardous Medical Waste
Hazardous medical waste consists of sharps waste, mercury, lead paint, and solvents, and most medical waste cannot be disposed of in a landfill due to the high level of contaminants in the rubbish. Because of this, they must be disposed of by an incinerator that has been licensed by the state environmental regulator. It was initially believed that burning medical waste destroyed the known pathogens; however, new research suggests that contaminants in the form of microscopic particulates are exposed via the incineration process.
Other: Safety equipment, medicine blister packs and masks can also be recycled via the Terracycle Zero Waste Box.
3. Infectious/Clinical Waste
Clinical Waste is material that has the potential to cause infection or disease. Infectious clinical waste includes surgical waste, bandages, human tissue or body parts, bodily fluids and swabs. As a general principle, no waste that is classified as Infectious/Clinical Waste is recycled. Transport and disposal of it are regulated, and it is ultimately incinerated. However, there are some new processes which sterilise and shred some clinical waste, allowing it to go to landfill rather than being incinerated. Veolia offers such a service for clinical waste, including disposable metal and plastic instruments.
Care Essentials represents the French Tesalys Sterishred, which is being used in a trial for sterilising and shredding dialysis waste.
Another manufacturer of shred and sterilise technology, Newster, distributed by 180 Waste Group, has also commenced utilisation in Australia and shows promise not just in reducing the volume of clinical waste incinerated, but also in potentially reusing the waste in concrete manufacture.
4. Radioactive waste
Radioactive waste includes radiotherapy machines and radium in tubes and needles. This is regulated by federal and state agencies and disposed of accordingly.
Authors Note
For further information or assistance with device waste, recycling, downcycling, upcycling, resource recovery, and suggestions for updates to this resource, please contact Gordon Stenning via the MTAA website.
Other relevant references:
